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Papal Infallibility
When fundamentalists hear the word "infallibility," they
think "impeccability." They imagine Catholics believe the Pope
can't sin. Those who don't make that elementary blunder think
the Pope relies on some sort of amulet or magical incantation
when an infallible definition is due.
Given this, it might be too much to expect fundamentalists
to understand the fine points of infallibility. The first thing
they would have to perceive (after being told the subject
concerns the absence of error, not of sin) is that infallibility
belongs to the body of bishops as a whole, when, in moral unity,
they teach a doctrine as true. "He who listens to you, listens
to me" (Luke 10:16); "all that you bind on earth shall be bound
in heaven" (Matt. 18:18).
In the Constitution on the Church, Vatican II explained it
this way: "Although the individual bishops do not enjoy the
prerogative of infallibility, they can nevertheless proclaim
Christ's doctrine infallibly. This is so, even when they are
dispersed around the world, provided that while maintaining the
bond of unity among themselves and with Peter's successor, and
while teaching authentically on a matter of faith or morals, they
concur in a single viewpoint as the one which must be held
conclusively. This authority is even more clearly verified when,
gathered together in an ecumenical council, they are teachers and
judges of faith and morals for the universal Church. Their
definitions must then be adhered to with the submission of
faith."
Infallibility belongs in a special way to the Pope as head
of the bishops (Matt. 16:17-19, John 21:15-17). As Vatican II
said, it is a charism the Pope "enjoys in virtue of his office,
when, as the supreme shepherd and teacher of all the faithful,
who confirms his brethren in their faith (Luke 22:32), he
proclaims by a definitive act some doctrine of faith or morals.
Therefore his definitions, of themselves, and not from the
consent of the Church, are justly held irreformable, for they are
pronounced with the assistance of the Holy Spirit, an assistance
promised to him in blessed Peter."
The infallibility of the Pope is certainly a doctrine that
has developed, but it is not one that sprang out of nowhere. It
is implicit in these Petrine texts: John 21:15-17 ("Feed my sheep
fail"), Matt. 16:18 ("Thou art Peter ...").
Christ instructed the Church to preach everything He taught
(Matt. 28:19-20) and promised the protection of the Holy Spirit
"to guide you into all truth" (John 16:13). That mandate and
that promise guarantee the Church will never fall away from His
teachings (1 Tim. 3:15), even if individual Catholics might.
This inability of the Church to teach error is infallibility; it
is a negative protection. It means what is officially taught
will not be wrong, not that official teachers will have the wits
about them to stand up and teach what is right when right needs
to be taught.
As men got clearer and clearer notions of the teaching
authority of the Church and of the primacy of the Pope, they got
clearer notions of the Pope's own infallibility. This happened
early on. In 433 Pope Sixtus III noted that "all know that to
assent to [the Bishop of Rome's] decision is to assent to St.
Peter, who lives in his successors and whose faith fails not."
Cyprian of Carthage, writing about 256, asked: "Would heretics
dare to come to the very seat of Peter whence Apostolic faith is
derived and whither no errors can come?" Augustine summed up the
ancient attitude when he remarked, "Rome has spoken; the cause is
finished."
An infallible pronouncement is made only when some doctrine
is called into question. Most have never been doubted by the
large majority of Catholics (though, at any one time, you could
find someone to discount nearly any belief). Pick up a catechism
and look at the great number of doctrines, most of which have
never been formally defined by an official papal statement.
There are, in fact, few topics on which it would be possible for
the Pope to make an infallible decision without duplicating one
or more infallible pronouncements from other sources, such as
ecumenical councils or the unanimous teaching of the Fathers.
At least the outline, if not the references, of the
preceding paragraphs should be familiar to literate Catholics, to
whom this subject should appear straight-forward. Nothing too
confusing for them here. It is a different story with
fundamentalists. For them papal infallibility seems a muddle
because their idea of what it covers is muddled.
Some fundamentalists ask how popes can be infallible if some
of them lived scandalously. This, of course, shows a confusion
between infallibility and impeccability. There is no guarantee
that popes won't sin or give bad examples. (The truly remarkable
thing is the great degree of sanctity found in the papacy
throughout history; the "bad popes" stand out precisely because
they are so rare.) Others wonder how infallibility could exist if
some popes disagreed with others. This, too, shows poor
understanding of infallibility, which applies only to official
teachings on faith and morals, not to disciplinary decisions or
even to unofficial comments on faith and morals.
Fundamentalists who don't make the above mistakes usually
think infallibility means that popes are given some special grace
that allows them to teach positively whatever truths need to be
known. But that isn't right either. Infallibility is not a
substitute for papal homework. All it does it prevent the pope
from officially teaching error. It does not help him know what
is true, nor does it "inspire" him to teach what is true. He has
to learn the truth the way we all do--though, to be sure, he has
certain advantages just because of his position.
As a biblical example of papal fallibility, fundamentalists
like to point to Peter's conduct at Antioch, where he refused to
eat with Gentile Christians in order not to offend certain Jews
from Palestine (Gal. 2:11-16). For this Paul rebuked him. Did
this demonstrate infallibility was non-existent? Hardly, since
Peter's actions had to do with matters of discipline, not faith
or morals.
Turning to history, critics of the Church cite certain
"errors of the popes." Their argument is really reduced to three
cases, those of Popes Liberius, Vigilius, and Honorius, the three
cases to which all opponents of papal infallibility repair
because they are the only cases which do not collapse as soon as
they are mentioned. There is no point in giving the details
here--any good history of the Church will supply the facts--but
it is enough to note that none of the instances can be shoehorned
into the 1870 definition of infallibility given at Vatican I.
According to fundamentalists, their best case lies with Pope
Honorius. They say he specifically taught Monothelitism, a heresy
which held that in Christ there was only one, not two wills. But
that's not at all what Honorius did. Even a quick review of the
records shows he decided not to make a decision at all. As
Ronald Knox explained, "To the best of his human wisdom, he
thought the controversy ought to be left unsettled, for the
greater peace of the Church. In fact, he was an inopportunist.
We, wise after the event, say that he was wrong. But nobody, I
think, has ever claimed that the Pope is infallible in not
defining a doctrine."
Knox wrote to a friend, "Has it ever occurred to you how few
are the alleged 'failures of infallibility'? I mean, if somebody
propounded in your presence the thesis that all the kings of
England have been impeccable, you would not find yourself
murmuring, 'Oh, well, people said rather unpleasant things about
Jane Shore ... and the best historians seem to think that Charles
II spent too much of his time with Nell Gwynn.' Here have these
Popes been, fulminating anathema after anathema for centuries--
certain in all human probability to contradict themselves or one
another over again. Instead of which you get this measly crop or
two or three alleged failures!" While Knox's observation does
not establish the truth of papal infallibility, it does show the
historical argument against infallibility is weak.
Fundamentalists' rejection of papal infallibility stems from
their view of the Church. They do not think Christ established a
visible Church, which means they do not believe in a hierarchy of
bishops headed by the pope. This is no place to give an
elaborate demonstration of the establishment of a visible Church.
It is enough to note that the New Testament shows the Apostles
setting up, after their Master's instructions, a visible
organization, and every Christian writer in the early centuries--
in fact, nearly all Christians until the Reformation--took it for
granted that Christ set up an on-going organization.
If He did, He must have provided for its continuation, for
its easy identification (that is, it had to be visible so it
could be found), and, since He would be gone from earth, for some
method by which it could preserve intact all His teachings. All
this was effected through the apostolic succession of bishops,
and the preservation of the Christian message, in its fullness,
was guaranteed through the gift of infallibility, of the Church
as a whole, but mainly as enjoyed by the temporal head of the
Church, the pope.
It is the Holy Spirit that prevents the pope from officially
teaching error, and this charism follows, necessarily, from the
existence of the Church itself. If the Church is to do what
Christ said it would--and not do what He said it would not do,
such as have the gates of hell prevail against it--then it must
be able to teach infallibly. It must prove itself to be a
perfectly steady guide in matters pertaining to salvation. There
is no guarantee that any particular pope won't let slip by
chances to teach the truth, or that he will be sinless, or that
mere disciplinary decisions will be intelligently made. It would
be nice if he were omniscient or impeccable, but his not being so
will not do the Church in. But he must be able to teach rightly,
for that is the main function of the Church. For men to be
saved, they must know what is to be believed. They must have a
perfectly steady rock to build upon when it comes to official
teaching. And that's why papal infallibility exists.
--Karl Keating
Catholic Answers
P.O. Box 17181
San Diego, CA 92117