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- Papal Infallibility
-
- When fundamentalists hear the word "infallibility," they
- think "impeccability." They imagine Catholics believe the Pope
- can't sin. Those who don't make that elementary blunder think
- the Pope relies on some sort of amulet or magical incantation
- when an infallible definition is due.
- Given this, it might be too much to expect fundamentalists
- to understand the fine points of infallibility. The first thing
- they would have to perceive (after being told the subject
- concerns the absence of error, not of sin) is that infallibility
- belongs to the body of bishops as a whole, when, in moral unity,
- they teach a doctrine as true. "He who listens to you, listens
- to me" (Luke 10:16); "all that you bind on earth shall be bound
- in heaven" (Matt. 18:18).
- In the Constitution on the Church, Vatican II explained it
- this way: "Although the individual bishops do not enjoy the
- prerogative of infallibility, they can nevertheless proclaim
- Christ's doctrine infallibly. This is so, even when they are
- dispersed around the world, provided that while maintaining the
- bond of unity among themselves and with Peter's successor, and
- while teaching authentically on a matter of faith or morals, they
- concur in a single viewpoint as the one which must be held
- conclusively. This authority is even more clearly verified when,
- gathered together in an ecumenical council, they are teachers and
- judges of faith and morals for the universal Church. Their
- definitions must then be adhered to with the submission of
- faith."
- Infallibility belongs in a special way to the Pope as head
- of the bishops (Matt. 16:17-19, John 21:15-17). As Vatican II
- said, it is a charism the Pope "enjoys in virtue of his office,
- when, as the supreme shepherd and teacher of all the faithful,
- who confirms his brethren in their faith (Luke 22:32), he
- proclaims by a definitive act some doctrine of faith or morals.
- Therefore his definitions, of themselves, and not from the
- consent of the Church, are justly held irreformable, for they are
- pronounced with the assistance of the Holy Spirit, an assistance
- promised to him in blessed Peter."
- The infallibility of the Pope is certainly a doctrine that
- has developed, but it is not one that sprang out of nowhere. It
- is implicit in these Petrine texts: John 21:15-17 ("Feed my sheep
-
- fail"), Matt. 16:18 ("Thou art Peter ...").
- Christ instructed the Church to preach everything He taught
- (Matt. 28:19-20) and promised the protection of the Holy Spirit
- "to guide you into all truth" (John 16:13). That mandate and
- that promise guarantee the Church will never fall away from His
- teachings (1 Tim. 3:15), even if individual Catholics might.
- This inability of the Church to teach error is infallibility; it
- is a negative protection. It means what is officially taught
- will not be wrong, not that official teachers will have the wits
- about them to stand up and teach what is right when right needs
- to be taught.
- As men got clearer and clearer notions of the teaching
- authority of the Church and of the primacy of the Pope, they got
- clearer notions of the Pope's own infallibility. This happened
- early on. In 433 Pope Sixtus III noted that "all know that to
- assent to [the Bishop of Rome's] decision is to assent to St.
- Peter, who lives in his successors and whose faith fails not."
- Cyprian of Carthage, writing about 256, asked: "Would heretics
- dare to come to the very seat of Peter whence Apostolic faith is
- derived and whither no errors can come?" Augustine summed up the
- ancient attitude when he remarked, "Rome has spoken; the cause is
- finished."
- An infallible pronouncement is made only when some doctrine
- is called into question. Most have never been doubted by the
- large majority of Catholics (though, at any one time, you could
- find someone to discount nearly any belief). Pick up a catechism
- and look at the great number of doctrines, most of which have
- never been formally defined by an official papal statement.
- There are, in fact, few topics on which it would be possible for
- the Pope to make an infallible decision without duplicating one
- or more infallible pronouncements from other sources, such as
- ecumenical councils or the unanimous teaching of the Fathers.
- At least the outline, if not the references, of the
- preceding paragraphs should be familiar to literate Catholics, to
- whom this subject should appear straight-forward. Nothing too
- confusing for them here. It is a different story with
- fundamentalists. For them papal infallibility seems a muddle
- because their idea of what it covers is muddled.
- Some fundamentalists ask how popes can be infallible if some
- of them lived scandalously. This, of course, shows a confusion
- between infallibility and impeccability. There is no guarantee
- that popes won't sin or give bad examples. (The truly remarkable
- thing is the great degree of sanctity found in the papacy
- throughout history; the "bad popes" stand out precisely because
- they are so rare.) Others wonder how infallibility could exist if
- some popes disagreed with others. This, too, shows poor
- understanding of infallibility, which applies only to official
- teachings on faith and morals, not to disciplinary decisions or
- even to unofficial comments on faith and morals.
- Fundamentalists who don't make the above mistakes usually
- think infallibility means that popes are given some special grace
- that allows them to teach positively whatever truths need to be
- known. But that isn't right either. Infallibility is not a
- substitute for papal homework. All it does it prevent the pope
- from officially teaching error. It does not help him know what
- is true, nor does it "inspire" him to teach what is true. He has
- to learn the truth the way we all do--though, to be sure, he has
- certain advantages just because of his position.
- As a biblical example of papal fallibility, fundamentalists
- like to point to Peter's conduct at Antioch, where he refused to
- eat with Gentile Christians in order not to offend certain Jews
- from Palestine (Gal. 2:11-16). For this Paul rebuked him. Did
- this demonstrate infallibility was non-existent? Hardly, since
- Peter's actions had to do with matters of discipline, not faith
- or morals.
- Turning to history, critics of the Church cite certain
- "errors of the popes." Their argument is really reduced to three
- cases, those of Popes Liberius, Vigilius, and Honorius, the three
- cases to which all opponents of papal infallibility repair
- because they are the only cases which do not collapse as soon as
- they are mentioned. There is no point in giving the details
- here--any good history of the Church will supply the facts--but
- it is enough to note that none of the instances can be shoehorned
- into the 1870 definition of infallibility given at Vatican I.
- According to fundamentalists, their best case lies with Pope
- Honorius. They say he specifically taught Monothelitism, a heresy
- which held that in Christ there was only one, not two wills. But
- that's not at all what Honorius did. Even a quick review of the
- records shows he decided not to make a decision at all. As
- Ronald Knox explained, "To the best of his human wisdom, he
- thought the controversy ought to be left unsettled, for the
- greater peace of the Church. In fact, he was an inopportunist.
- We, wise after the event, say that he was wrong. But nobody, I
- think, has ever claimed that the Pope is infallible in not
- defining a doctrine."
- Knox wrote to a friend, "Has it ever occurred to you how few
- are the alleged 'failures of infallibility'? I mean, if somebody
- propounded in your presence the thesis that all the kings of
- England have been impeccable, you would not find yourself
- murmuring, 'Oh, well, people said rather unpleasant things about
- Jane Shore ... and the best historians seem to think that Charles
- II spent too much of his time with Nell Gwynn.' Here have these
- Popes been, fulminating anathema after anathema for centuries--
- certain in all human probability to contradict themselves or one
- another over again. Instead of which you get this measly crop or
- two or three alleged failures!" While Knox's observation does
- not establish the truth of papal infallibility, it does show the
- historical argument against infallibility is weak.
- Fundamentalists' rejection of papal infallibility stems from
- their view of the Church. They do not think Christ established a
- visible Church, which means they do not believe in a hierarchy of
- bishops headed by the pope. This is no place to give an
- elaborate demonstration of the establishment of a visible Church.
-
- It is enough to note that the New Testament shows the Apostles
- setting up, after their Master's instructions, a visible
- organization, and every Christian writer in the early centuries--
- in fact, nearly all Christians until the Reformation--took it for
- granted that Christ set up an on-going organization.
- If He did, He must have provided for its continuation, for
- its easy identification (that is, it had to be visible so it
- could be found), and, since He would be gone from earth, for some
- method by which it could preserve intact all His teachings. All
- this was effected through the apostolic succession of bishops,
- and the preservation of the Christian message, in its fullness,
- was guaranteed through the gift of infallibility, of the Church
- as a whole, but mainly as enjoyed by the temporal head of the
- Church, the pope.
- It is the Holy Spirit that prevents the pope from officially
- teaching error, and this charism follows, necessarily, from the
- existence of the Church itself. If the Church is to do what
- Christ said it would--and not do what He said it would not do,
- such as have the gates of hell prevail against it--then it must
- be able to teach infallibly. It must prove itself to be a
- perfectly steady guide in matters pertaining to salvation. There
- is no guarantee that any particular pope won't let slip by
- chances to teach the truth, or that he will be sinless, or that
- mere disciplinary decisions will be intelligently made. It would
- be nice if he were omniscient or impeccable, but his not being so
- will not do the Church in. But he must be able to teach rightly,
- for that is the main function of the Church. For men to be
- saved, they must know what is to be believed. They must have a
- perfectly steady rock to build upon when it comes to official
- teaching. And that's why papal infallibility exists.
-
- --Karl Keating
- Catholic Answers
- P.O. Box 17181
- San Diego, CA 92117